IthaMaps

Welcome to IthaMaps

IthaMaps is a global epidemiology database of heamoglobinopathies, illustrating published data on a dynamic global to regional map. Country-specific information on haemoglobinopathy-related policies, prevalence, incidence and overall disease burden is given, including relative allele frequencies of specific globin mutations in each country and/or region, dynamically linked to corresponding IthaGenes entries.

IthaMaps content was supported by partnership with the HVP Global Globin 2020 Challenge

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General information for Syria

Syria

Continent:	Asia
Capital:	Damascus
Population:	22198110
Area (in sq km):	185180.0

Haemoglobinopathy-specific healthcare policy information for Syria

Healthcare policy		Comment/Info	Reference
Prevention programme:	Yes (National)	Based on premarital screening. From: 2011 WHO Report WHO-EM-NCD-068-E.
SCD newborn screening:	No	Available but focused on suspected cases of SCD or thalassaemia based on family history of disease. From: 2011 WHO Report WHO-EM-NCD-068-E.
Prenatal screening:	Yes (National)		[PMID: 25405916]
Dedicated treatment centres:	Yes (National)	Several centres scattered all over the country.	[PMID: 24828949]
Patient associations:	Yes (National)	E.g.: Thalassaemia Patients and Hereditary Blood Diseases.

Prevalence and incidence of major haemoglobinopathies in Syria

Haemoglobinopathy		Comment/Info	Reference
Prevalence of β-thalassaemia carriers:	5 % of the population		[PMID: 24672827]
Prevalence of sickle cell disease carriers:	0.5 % of the population		[PMID: 24672827]
Prevalence of α-thalassaemia carriers:	1 % of the population	Extends between <1-5%.	[PMID: 23224852]
Expected incidence of β-thalassaemia:	338 expected affected births/year		[PMID: 24672827]
Expected incidence of sickle cell disease:	71 expected affected births/year		[PMID: 24672827]
Incidence of sickle cell disease:	901 affected births/year	Median value estimated using statistical model and demographic data.	[PMID: 23103089]
Known β-thalassaemia patients:	8000 patients		[PMID: 24828949]
Known sickle cell disease patients:	100 patients		[PMID: 24672827]

Global Burden of Disease data for Syria

Migration data for Syria

Mutation frequencies in Syria

Overview (most frequent mutations with their observed average values and range)

β-locus

IVS I-110 G>A: 19.26 % (4.55 % – 38 %)	IVS I-1 G>A: 15.84 % (7.6 % – 23.5 %)
CD 6 GAG>GTG [Glu>Val] (HbS): 10.45 %	CD 39 CAG>TAG [Gln>STOP]: 8.84 % (2.4 % – 34.8 %)

Detailed mutation frequencies

Entry ID	Locus	Region	Ethnic Group	Population Type	Sample Size	Study period (to)	Reference	Comments
23423	β-locus	Country-wide	Syrian Arab	Carriers and Patients	331	2014	24828949	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were obtained from the Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus.
23424	β-locus	Country-wide	Syrian	Patients	164	2001	11791873	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations.
23425	β-locus	Country-wide	Syrian	Carriers	220	2014	25405916	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations and were calculated by Ithanet. Study samples were obtained from the Human Genetic Laboratory at the Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS) Center and were from different regions of Syria (South, South West and East).
23426	β-locus	Country-wide	Syrian	Patients	1460	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were obtained from Damascus, Damascus Suburb, Daraa, Quneitra, Tartus, Baniyas, Latakia, Hama, Homs, Aleppo, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor and Raqqa provinces.
23427	β-locus	Damascus	Syrian	Patients	146	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations.
23428	β-locus	Hama	Syrian	Patients	460	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations.
23429	β-locus	Homs	Syrian	Patients	84	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations.
23430	β-locus	Aleppo	Syrian	Patients	80	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were obtained from the Aleppo and Idlib Governorates.
23431	β-locus	Daraa	Syrian	Patients	204	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were obtained from the Daraa and Quneitra Governorates.
23432	β-locus	Deir ez-Zor	Syrian	Patients	132	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were obtained from the Deir ez-Zor and Al-Raqqah Governorates.
23433	β-locus	Rif Dimashq	Syrian	Patients	140	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were obtained from the suburbs of Damascus, part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate.
23434	β-locus	Latakia	Syrian	Patients	214	2018	29637841	Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were obtained from the Latakia and Tartus Governorates.

Organisations in Syria

A list of all organisations in Syria stored in the ITHANET database is shown below. For more information, click on the corresponding organisation name or visit the detailed ITHANET Organisations page

Name	Department	Organisation type
Damascus University		Higher Education

Microattributions

No microattibutions were provided for Syria. Please contact us, if you are willing to review existing information or provide new data.

To provide new epidemiological information and/or report mistakes, please register/log in first or use the Contact Us form.

Important Note: The relative allele frequencies presented in IthaMaps are not calculated by ITHANET, but they are extracted from the corresponding publications. ITHANET is not responsible for any mistakes in the data. Please use this information with caution! We encourage scientists that have more detailed or updated epidemiological information to contact us.

Disclaimer: The information on this website is provided as an information resource only and must not to be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. The ITHANET Portal and IthaMaps are not responsible or liable for any advice, course of treatment, diagnosis or any other information, services or products that an individual obtains through this website.

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ORCID

Healthcare Policies

Health-policy	Select one Answer	Comment
Prevention programme
SCD newborn screening
Prenatal screening
Antenatal screening
Haemoglobinopathies patient registry
Rare disease patient registry
Dedicated treatment centres
Blood transfusion availability
Iron chelation availability
MRI facilities
Patient associations
Genetic counselling

Status of major Haemoglobinopathies

In Expected Incidence of β-thalassaemia and sickle cell disease please provide the number of expected affected births/year (without prevention).
In Incidence of β-thalassaemia and sickle cell disease please provide the number of affected births/year (after prevention).

Haemoglobinopathy	Provide value		Comment
Prevalence of β-thalassaemia carriers		% of the population
Prevalence of sickle cell disease carriers		% of the population
Prevalence of α-thalassaemia carriers		% of the population
Prevalence of Hb E carriers		% of the population
Prevalence of Hb C carriers		% of the population
Expected incidence of β-thalassaemia		expected affected births/year
Expected incidence of sickle cell disease		expected affected births/year
Expected incidence of α-thalassaemia		expected affected births/year
Incidence of β-thalassaemia		affected births/year
Incidence of sickle cell disease		affected births/year
Incidence of α-thalassaemia		affected births/year
Known β-thalassaemia patients		patients
Known sickle cell disease patients		patients

Mutation Frequencies

Please provide details about publications reporting mutation frequencies in the country of reference (either country-wide studies or region-specific studies).

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