Welcome to IthaMaps
IthaMaps is a global epidemiology database of heamoglobinopathies, illustrating published data on a dynamic global to regional map. Country-specific information on haemoglobinopathy-related policies, prevalence, incidence and overall disease burden is given, including relative allele frequencies of specific globin mutations in each country and/or region, dynamically linked to corresponding IthaGenes entries.
IthaMaps content was supported by partnership with the HVP Global Globin 2020 Challenge
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General information for Thailand
 Thailand |
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Haemoglobinopathy-specific healthcare policy information for Thailand
| Healthcare policy | Comment/Info | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prevention programme: | Yes (National) | From: TIF report on South East Asian Nations, Aug. 2013 | |
| Prenatal screening: | Yes (National) | [PMID: 27040959] | |
| Antenatal screening: | Yes (National) | Since 1997. Voluntary. | [PMID: 29751732] |
| Haemoglobinopathies patient registry: | No | Hospital-based patient registries From: TIF report on South East Asian Nations, Aug. 2013. | |
| Rare disease patient registry: | No | [PMID: 27484654] | |
| Blood transfusion availability: | Yes (National) | The National Blood Centre in Bangkok and 12 other Regional Blood Centres support blood services across the country [From: WHO South-East Asia 2021 report, ISBN: 978-92-9022-851-6] | [PMID: 27040959] |
| Iron chelation availability: | Yes (National) | Suboptimal treatment since government only supports part of the iron chelation cost. | [PMID: 27040959] |
| MRI facilities: | Yes (National) | From: TIF report on South East Asian Nations, Aug. 2013. | |
| Patient associations: | Yes (National) | E.g.: Thalassaemia Foundation of Thailand . |
Prevalence and incidence of major haemoglobinopathies in Thailand
| Haemoglobinopathy | Comment/Info | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of β-thalassaemia carriers: | 5.3 % of the population | Ranges between 3% and 9%. | [PMID: 27040959] |
| Prevalence of sickle cell disease carriers: | 1 % of the population | Less than 1%. From: Thalassaemia Reports 2012, TIF Pan-Asian Conference. | |
| Prevalence of α-thalassaemia carriers: | 30 % of the population | Ranges between 20% and 30%. TIF report on South East Asian Nations, Aug. 2013 | |
| Prevalence of Hb E carriers: | 33 % of the population | Ranges between 10% and 53%. | [PMID: 27040959] |
| Expected incidence of β-thalassaemia: | 6983 expected affected births/year | [PMID: 24672827] | |
| Known β-thalassaemia patients: | 35000 patients | [PMID: 24672827] |
Global Burden of Disease data for Thailand
Migration data for Thailand
Mutation frequencies in Thailand
Overview (most frequent mutations with their observed average values and range)
α-locus
| -α3.7 (type I): 83.31 % (76.5 % – 90.11 %) | --SEA: 9.55 % (4.396 % – 14.7 %) |
| CD 142 (TAA>CAA) >172aa (Hb Constant Spring): 5.5 % (2.198 % – 8.8 %) | -α4.2: 2.75 % |
β-locus
| CD 26 GAG>AAG [Glu>Lys] (HbE): 41.9 % (39.3 % – 44.5 %) | CD 41/42 (-CTTT): 36.29 % (5.39 % – 50.9 %) |
| CD 17 AAG>TAG [Lys>STOP]: 22.48 % (5.4 % – 50 %) | CD 6 GAG>AAG [Glu>Lys] (HbC): 8.58 % |
Detailed mutation frequencies
| Entry ID | Locus | Region | Ethnic Group | Population Type | Sample Size | Study period (from) | Study period (to) | Reference | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22989 | β-locus | Central | Thai | Carriers and Patients | 145 | 0000 | 0000 | 25525381 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations and were calculated by Ithanet. Samples were collected from the Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok. Subjects lived in Bangkok and other provinces in central Thailand and the majority had homozygous or compound heterozygous beta-thal and/or HbE. | |
| 22990 | β-locus | Northern region | Thai | Carriers | 1290 | 2012 | 2017 | 31240559 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Samples were collected at Chiang Mai University hospital and other prenatal diagnosis (PND) centers in the northern region during a PND of severe thalassaemia programme in northern Thailand. | |
| 22991 | α-locus | Khon Kaen | Burmese Myanmarese | Carriers | 182 | 2019 | 31599656 | Frequencies are shown for alpha-globin gene mutations and were calculated by Ithanet. Study samples were collected anonymously from Myanmar factory-workers living in Khon Kaen, Thailand during their annual medical checkup program at Khon Kaen Hospital. Most of them belong to the Burman ethnic group. | ||
| 22992 | β-locus | Country-wide | Thai | Carriers and Patients | 71 | 1989 | 2606476 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were from the northeast (Khon Kaen), middle (Bangkok) and south (Songkhla) of Thailand. Most of these were beta-thalassaemia patients. | ||
| 22993 | β-locus | South | Thai | Patients | 103 | 1995 | 1415194 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples came from 11 provinces in the south of Thailand and were collected from the haematology clinic of the Songklanagarind Hospital. They were of Thai, Chinese Thai and Muslim Thai origin. Eight of these were beta-thalassaemia carriers. | ||
| 22994 | β-locus | Northern region | Thai | Carriers and Patients | 113 | 1989 | 2606477 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples came from different regions of the northern Thailand (mainly from Chiangmai, Lamphun and Lampang). The majority of these were beta-thalassaemia patients. | ||
| 22995 | β-locus | Northeastern region | Thai | Patients | 10 | 1989 | 2606477 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples came from different regions of the northeastern region of Thailand (Khonkaen, Mahasarakam, Kalasin and Sakolnako). | ||
| 22996 | β-locus | Bangkok | Thai | Patients | 116 | 1990 | 2393018 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. Study samples were acquired from outpatient clinics in Siriraj and Ramathibodi Hospitals in Bangkok and were drawn from regions around Bangkok. | ||
| 22997 | α-locus | Country-wide | Multi-ethnic | Carriers | 34 | 2016 | 27077764 | Frequencies are shown for alpha-globin gene mutations and were calculated by Ithanet. Study samples originated from villages in northern Thailand (Lamphun, Chiang Mai, Nan, Chiang Rai, and Mae Hong Son provinces) and belonged to two major linguistic groups, the Tai (comprising the Yong, Yuan, Khuen, and Lue ethnic groups) and the Mon-Khmer (comprising the Blang, Mon, Paluang, and Lawa ethnic groups). | ||
| 22998 | β-locus | Country-wide | Thai | Carriers and Patients | 152 | 2001 | 11791873 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations. | ||
| 22999 | β-locus | Country-wide | Thai | Carriers and Patients | 2009 | 18498386 | Frequencies are shown for beta-globin gene mutations and were calculated by Ithanet. Study samples came from 13 Regional Medical Centers throughout the country and were in majority patients. |
Organisations in Thailand
A list of all organisations in Thailand stored in the ITHANET database is shown below. For more information, click on the corresponding organisation name or visit the detailed ITHANET Organisations page
| Name | Department | Organisation type |
|---|---|---|
| Khon Kaen University | Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostics Laboratories | Research Center, Higher Education |
| Mahidol University | Institute of Molecular Biosciences | Research Center, Higher Education |
Microattributions
No microattibutions were provided for Thailand. Please contact us, if you are willing to review existing information or provide new data.
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Important Note: The relative allele frequencies presented in IthaMaps are not calculated by ITHANET, but they are extracted from the corresponding publications. ITHANET is not responsible for any mistakes in the data. Please use this information with caution! We encourage scientists that have more detailed or updated epidemiological information to contact us.
Disclaimer: The information on this website is provided as an information resource only and must not to be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. The ITHANET Portal and IthaMaps are not responsible or liable for any advice, course of treatment, diagnosis or any other information, services or products that an individual obtains through this website.