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Welcome to IthaMaps

IthaMaps is a global epidemiology database of heamoglobinopathies, illustrating published data on a dynamic global to regional map. Country-specific information on haemoglobinopathy-related policies, prevalence, incidence and overall disease burden is given, including relative allele frequencies of specific globin mutations in each country and/or region, dynamically linked to corresponding IthaGenes entries.

IthaMaps content was supported by partnership with the HVP Global Globin 2020 Challenge

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Major haemoglobinopathies:

  Prevalence of β-thalassaemia carriers by country

CountryContinentValue (% of the population)CommentsPMID
CountryContinentValue (% of the population)CommentsPMID
United Arab EmiratesAsia8[24672827]
AfghanistanAsia3[24672827]
Antigua and BarbudaNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
AnguillaNorth America0.1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
AlbaniaEurope5[24672827]
ArmeniaAsia2[24672827]
ArgentinaSouth America1.35[24672827]
AustriaEurope0.24[24672827]
AustraliaOceania0.4[27040959]
ArubaNorth America0.1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
AzerbaijanAsia3.71Measured at 8% prior to prevention ('80s) down to 3.71% following mandatory premarital screening (2015-2018).[31755088]
Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope1.2[24672827]
BarbadosNorth America0.5[24672827]
BangladeshAsia4.1[27040959]
BelgiumEurope0.28[24672827]
Burkina FasoAfrica2.6Reported to range between 2% and 12%.[11545326]
BulgariaEurope2.5[24672827]
BahrainAsia3.5[24672827]
BermudaNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
BruneiAsia2[27040959]
BoliviaSouth America2From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
BrazilSouth America0.3National Health Survey 2014-2015[31596378]
BahamasNorth America1[24672827]
BelizeNorth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
CanadaNorth America0.5[24672827]
Central African RepublicAfrica1Less than 1%. From: Bain, Barbara J., Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis, 2nd edition.
Republic of the CongoAfrica1Less than 1%. From: Bain, Barbara J., Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis, 2nd edition.
SwitzerlandEurope0.4[24672827]
Ivory CoastAfrica6.4Reported to range between 1% and 12%.
ChileSouth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
CameroonAfrica1<1-2%; Source: ISBN 9780470994238
ChinaAsia3.5Extends between 1.1-6.78% depending on region.[24672827]
ColombiaSouth America0.8[24672827]
Costa RicaNorth America0.25
CubaNorth America0.75[24672827]
Christmas IslandAsia2.19[15658194]
CyprusEurope12[24006929]
Czech RepublicEurope0.12[24672827]
GermanyEurope0.28[24672827]
DenmarkEurope0.0349[32547240]
DominicaNorth America0.75From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
Dominican RepublicNorth America1[24672827]
AlgeriaAfrica2[24672827]
EcuadorSouth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
EgyptAfrica5.3Ranges between 5 and 9%.[24672827]
SpainEurope1.64Extends between 0.1-2%.[24672827]
EthiopiaAfrica4.5Ranges between <1-8%. From: Bain, Barbara J., Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis, 2nd edition.
FinlandEurope0.12[17365984]
Falkland IslandsSouth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
FranceEurope0.7[24672827]
United KingdomEurope0.44[24672827]
GrenadaNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
GeorgiaAsia3[24672827]
French GuianaSouth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
GhanaAfrica1.5Ranges between 1-11%. From: Bain, Barbara J., Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis, 2nd edition.
GreenlandNorth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
GuadeloupeNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
GreeceEurope8.1[24672827]
GuatemalaNorth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
Guinea-BissauAfrica0.1[16840226]
GuyanaSouth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
Hong KongAsia3.5Thalassaemia Reports 2012, TIF Pan-Asian Conference.
HondurasNorth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
CroatiaEurope0.8[24672827]
HaitiNorth America1[24672827]
IndonesiaAsia5Extends between 3-10%.[27040959]
IrelandEurope0.13[24672827]
IsraelAsia6Ranges between 3-9% depending on the region and ethnic origin.
IndiaAsia3.9[27040959]
IraqAsia4.8[24672827]
IranAsia6[24672827]
ItalyEurope6
JamaicaNorth America1.5[24672827]
JordanAsia3.5[24672827]
JapanAsia0.03[9101288]
KyrgyzstanAsia1.5[24672827]
CambodiaAsia3[27040959]
ComorosAfrica1[23224852]
Saint Kitts and NevisNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
South KoreaAsia1.7[30430775]
KuwaitAsia3[24672827]
Cayman IslandsNorth America0.1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
KazakhstanAsia1[24672827]
LaosAsia6[27040959]
LebanonAsia3.5[24672827]
Saint LuciaNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
Sri LankaAsia2.5[27040959]
LiberiaAfrica9[6354114]
LuxembourgEurope0.5[24672827]
LibyaAfrica1.5[24672827]
MoroccoAfrica1.67[24672827]
MontenegroEurope1.9[1487426]
North MacedoniaEurope2.6[24672827]
MaliAfrica3[11545326]
Myanmar [Burma]Asia2.2[27040959]
MacaoAsia3.6[3209406]
Northern Mariana IslandsOceania0.84[30661189]
MartiniqueNorth America0.4From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
MauritaniaAfrica2.57[12107561]
MontserratNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
MaltaEurope3[24672827]
MauritiusAfrica3.85[7717387]
MaldivesAsia18[27040959]
MexicoNorth America0.412-18% in selected populations.[20184100]
MalaysiaAsia43.5 - 4% (Source: the Malaysian Thalassemia Registry). [21901940]
MozambiqueAfrica0.72[28241813]
NigeriaAfrica0.8[5453916]
NicaraguaNorth America0.12From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
NetherlandsEurope0.4[24672827]
NorwayEurope0.3[24672827]
NepalAsia4[24672827]
OmanAsia3.1[24672827]
PanamaNorth America0.15From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
PeruSouth America2.05
Papua New GuineaOceania13Ranges between 1-25%. From: Bain, Barbara J., Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis, 2nd edition.
PhilippinesAsia1.2[27040959]
PakistanAsia5[22392582]
PolandEurope1.4Prevalence calculation with upper limit reported. From: Probl Hig Epidemiol 2009, 90(3): 322-324
Saint Pierre and MiquelonNorth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
Puerto RicoNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
PalestineAsia4.3[23224852]
PortugalEurope1.63Central region.[17082015]
ParaguaySouth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
QatarAsia3[24672827]
RéunionAfrica2Mauritius and Reunion Island together.
RomaniaEurope1[24672827]
SerbiaEurope1.2[24672827]
RussiaEurope0.18[24672827]
Saudi ArabiaAsia2.37[24672827]
SudanAfrica3.9[24672827]
SwedenEurope0.32[24672827]
SingaporeAsia3[27040959]
SloveniaEurope0.18[24672827]
SenegalAfrica3Ranges between <1-5%. From: Bain, Barbara J., Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis, 2nd edition.
SurinameSouth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
El SalvadorNorth America0.075From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
SyriaAsia5[24672827]
Turks and Caicos IslandsNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
TogoAfrica1.5Ranges between <1-2%. From: Bain, Barbara J., Haemoglobinopathy Diagnosis, 2nd edition.
ThailandAsia5.3Ranges between 3% and 9%.[27040959]
TajikistanAsia5[11545326]
East TimorOceania5[24672827]
TurkmenistanAsia1.2[24672827]
TunisiaAfrica2.21[24672827]
TurkeyAsia2.22.1%, up to 10% in some regions[24672827]
Trinidad and TobagoNorth America3.5[24672827]
TaiwanAsia2[24672827]
TanzaniaAfrica0.2[28766840]
United StatesNorth America0.4[24672827]
UruguaySouth America0.25[24130436]
UzbekistanAsia3[24672827]
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNorth America3From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
VenezuelaSouth America0.2[24672827]
British Virgin IslandsNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
U.S. Virgin IslandsNorth America1From: Modell's Haemoglobinopathologist's Almanac.
VietnamAsia2.61.49% in Kinh, 10.7% in Muong, 11% in Tay ethnic groups. From: 11th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics.[27040959]
VanuatuOceania5.7Approximately 20% in Maewo, 6.2% in Malekula, 4.5% in Ambrym, 0.7% Epi, 3.3% Efate, 0.9% Tanna, and 2.0% Futuna[2441058]
KosovoEurope2[1487426]
YemenAsia4.4[24672827]

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Important Note: The relative allele frequencies presented in IthaMaps are not calculated by ITHANET, but they are extracted from the corresponding publications. ITHANET is not responsible for any mistakes in the data. Please use this information with caution! We encourage scientists that have more detailed or updated epidemiological information to contact us.

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